Discovery of Cosmic Fractals by Baryshev Yurij

Author:Baryshev, Yurij [Baryshev, Yurij]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: UNKNOWN
Published: 2020-11-12T00:00:00+00:00

emitted by the very hot (up to 100 million degrees K) gas filling the cluster. And remarkably, the total mass of the cluster, which keeps this hot "atmosphere" from escaping, is also found to be very large. It is roughly the same as has been derived using the virial theorem. The mass of the hot gas itself, even together with galaxies, is not large enough to make up the total cluster mass.

Stars and galaxies deflect light, and so do galaxy clusters which act like giant gravitational lenses. Large optical telescopes have revealed strange arcs around clusters. The sizes of these rings may reach a few tens of arcseconds. Such large mirages can form only if the mass of the cluster again is similar to what X-ray observations and the virial theorem suggest.

10.7 The total amount of dark matter in the universe

For big bang cosmology, the dark matter is a part of life. First, the inflation model insists that the dark matter makes 99 percent of the total mass of the universe. Second, the theory of primordial nucleosynthesis demands that ordinary matter, such as atoms and molecules, can form only a few percent of the total mass. The overwhelming majority of the dark mass must be in some unknown form. Hence the unexpected question: Is there enough dark matter and not too much ordinary matter?

According to the inflation model, the cosmic mass density is equal to the critical value, i.e. the density parameter 0 = 1. The observed density of luminous matter (stars in galaxies) is much less, and one has to postulate that there ia a lot of dark matter. But its constitution cannot be arbitrary. Ordinary, baryonic matter can form only a small part of it.

Visible matter constitutes only 0.4 percent of the critical density:

Qium ~ 0.004 (luminous matter)

This value depends on the Hubble constant, on the mass-to-luminosity ratio for galaxies, and also on the volume where the galaxies are counted (due to the fractality; Ch.17). Though there is strong evidence for dark mass around galaxies and in clusters, it is still not clear from observations whether there is enough dark matter to fill the gap between 0;u m w 0.004 and 0 = 1.

One can calculate theoretically how much of the light elements (Helium, Deuterium, Lithium) were produced from Hydrogen during the first min

An ocean of massive neutrinos? 179

utes of the universe. The abundance of Helium is especially well known from observations. Its mass fraction in gaseous nebulae and stars in which nuclear reactions have not changed its primordial value converge to the value of 23 per cent. This observed amount of Helium implies very little normal matter in the form of baryons, i.e. protons and neutrons, the building blocks for chemical elements: §

tlbar ^ 0.06 (big bang prediction)

Hence, if the inflation model is correct and fi = 1, only 6 per cent of the cosmic mass can be in the form of ordinary matter such as stars, gas, and dust. The remaining 94 percent must be some exotic form of nonbaryonic matter which has never been detected in the laboratory.

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